scratch

vt.擦，刮；擦痛，擦伤；在…处搔痒；抓破

vi.发出刮擦声；擦红，擦伤；搔痒；抓，扒

n.擦，刮；刮擦声；搔痕；乱写乱画

adj.打草稿用的，随便写用的；碰巧的，侥幸的；东拼西凑的；平等比赛的

verb

用指甲挠 rub with your nails

1. 挠，搔（痒处）
   to rub your skin with your nails, usually because it is itching
   1. John yawned and scratched his chin.
      约翰打个哈欠，挠挠下巴。
   2. The dog scratched itself behind the ear.
      狗用爪子挠挠耳后。
   3. Try not to scratch.
      尽量别挠。
   4. She scratched at the insect bites on her arm.
      她挠了挠胳膊上虫咬的包。

划破皮肤 cut skin

2. 划破，抓破，划伤，抓伤（皮肤）
   to cut or damage your skin slightly with sth sharp
   1. I'd scratched my leg and it was bleeding.
      我把腿抓出了血。
   2. She scratched herself on a nail.
      她在钉子上划了一下。
   3. Does the cat scratch?
      这只猫抓人吗？

损坏表面 damage surface

3. （尤指意外地）擦破，划损，刮坏
   to damage the surface of sth, especially by accident, by making thin shallow marks on it
   1. Be careful not to scratch the furniture.
      小心别刮坏家具。
   2. The car's paintwork is badly scratched.
      车的漆面划损得很厉害。

造成 / 去除痕迹 make/remove mark

4. 刮出（或刮去）痕迹；划下（或擦去）痕迹
   to make or remove a mark, etc. on sth deliberately, by rubbing it with sth hard or sharp
   1. They scratched lines in the dirt to mark out a pitch.
      他们在地上划出一个球场。
   2. We scratched some of the dirt away.
      我们刮掉了一些脏东西。
   3. You can scratch my name off the list.
      你可以把我的名字从名单上勾掉。

发出声音 make sound

5. 刮（或擦、抓）出刺耳声
   to make an irritating noise by rubbing sth with sth sharp
   1. His pen scratched away on the paper.
      他的笔在纸上沙沙作响。

生计 a living

6. 勉强维持生活
   to make enough money to live on, but with difficulty

取消 cancel

7. 取消；撤销；退出
   to decide that sth cannot happen or sb/sth cannot take part in sth, before it starts
   1. to scratch a rocket launch
      取消火箭发射计划
   2. The horse was scratched from the race because of injury.
      这匹马因伤被取消了比赛资格。
   3. She had scratched because of a knee injury.
      她因膝伤退出了比赛。

noun

划痕；划伤 mark/cut

1. （皮肤或物体表面上的）划痕，划伤
   a mark, a cut or an injury made by scratching sb's skin or the surface of sth
   1. Her hands were covered in scratches from the brambles.
      她手上布满了荆棘划的口子。
   2. a scratch on the paintwork
      漆面上的一道划痕
   3. It's only a scratch (= a very slight injury) .
      不过是轻微的划伤。
   4. He escaped without a scratch (= was not hurt at all) .
      他毫发未损地逃了出去。

声音 sound

2. 刮（或擦、抓）的刺耳声
   the unpleasant sound of sth sharp or rough being rubbed against a surface

用指甲 with your nails

3. 挠痒；搔痒
   the act of scratching a part of your body when it itches
   1. Go on, have a good scratch!
      来吧，好好挠一挠！

adj.

1. 仓促拼凑的
   put together in a hurry using whatever people or materials are available
   1. a scratch team
      一支仓促组建的队伍
2. 无让步的；无让杆的
   with no handicap
   1. a scratch player
      参加无让杆比赛的球手

现在分词:scratching 过去式:scratched 名词复数形式:scratches 过去分词:scratched 第三人称单数:scratches

scratch 抓，挠

可能来自中古英语 scratten,抓，挠，最终来自 PIE*sker,砍，切，削，刮，词源同 scar,scrape.

1. Chickens and ducks scratch around the outbuildings.
   鸡鸭在棚子周围到处乱刨。
2. He scratched himself under his arm
   他在胳膊下面挠了挠。
3. The old man lifted his cardigan to scratch his side
   老人撩起开襟毛衣挠了挠身体的一侧。
4. I had to wear long sleeves to stop myself scratching.
   我只好穿上长袖衣服以免自己挠痒。
5. The branches tore at my jacket and scratched my hands and face
   树枝刮破了我的夹克，划伤了我的手和脸。
6. Knives will scratch the worktop.
   小刀会在工作台上留下划痕。
7. The seven-year-old was found crying with scratches on his face and neck
   那名7岁男孩被发现时正在哭泣，脸部和颈部都有划伤。
8. I pointed to a number of scratches in the tile floor.
   我指向地板砖上的一道道划痕。
9. Building a home from scratch can be both exciting and challenging
   建立一个全新的家庭既让人兴奋又富于挑战。
10. Hong Kong's manufacturing industry did not start from scratch in the post-war period.
    战后，香港制造业的兴起并非从零开始。
11. The Institute spends a lot of time scratching its head about how to boost American productivity.
    该协会花费大量时间苦苦思索如何提高美国的生产力。
12. Officials say they've only scratched the surface of the drug problem
    官员们说他们只是触及了毒品问题的表面。
13. We had only two weeks to tour Malaysia, which was hardly enough time to scratch the surface.
    我们只有两周的时间游览马来西亚，连走马观花都来不及。
14. My mother always made me feel I wasn't coming up to scratch.
    母亲总是使我觉得自己不够优秀。
15. A beard doesn't scratch, it just tickles.
    下巴上的胡子不刮人，就是叫人痒痒。
16. He usually preferred to train up a crew of enthusiastic young sailors from scratch.
    他通常更喜欢从零开始对一班满怀热情的年轻船员从头到脚进行训练。
17. It's just a scratch. Stop whining.
    只是刮了一道，别埋怨了。
18. It's only a scratch.
    只是擦破了点油皮儿。
19. Scratch yourself if you itch.
    如果你感到痒，就搔好了。
20. One can hardly believe that this paper mill was started from scratch only a few years ago.
    很难相信这个造纸厂仅仅是在几年前白手起家办起来的。
21. To make an investigation one, should go into matters deeply, not just scratch the surface.
    做调查工作不能蜻蜓点水，要深入实际。
22. Don't be a baby and cry over that little scratch.
    别那么孩子气，擦破点皮就哭鼻子。
23. The cut was a mere scratch.
    只不过是擦伤而已。
24. I got a scratch on my face and it bled a little.
    我脸擦破了，略微流了点儿血。
25. It's nothing serious, just a scratch.
    划破点儿皮，没什么大不了的。
26. If you give me a hand clearing the rubbish from my garden I will help you to paint your house& you scratch my back and I will scratch yours.
    如果你帮助我把这些垃圾从我的花园清除出去，我会帮你粉刷房子&投桃报李嘛！
27. He would have to start from scratch all over again.
    他得重打锣鼓另开张，打头来！
28. He started his restaurant from scratch.
    他白手起家开了这家饭馆。
29. You'd better bring your English up to scratch before you take the examination.
    你最好在考前使英语达到标准。
30. You have to start from scratch.
    你只好从头在做了。